Table of Content

  

10 November 2018
Volume 56 Issue 11

Research advances on the epidemiological study on acute health effects of ambient fine particulate matter and related components

SHI Xiaoming

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  1-11.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.1149

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Air pollution has become the biggest environmental health problem worldwide, and China is faced with great environmental challenge. Numerous scientific studies have showed that short-term exposure to fine particulate matter(PM_2.5)could impose acute health impacts. The author reviewed the latest epidemiological advances on the association of short-term PM_2.5 exposure and related components with population health, summarized the health benefits from short-term control measures of air pollution, and proposed the feature research targets in the following 3-5 years.

PM_2.5 and cardiovascular disease

KONG Fanling, ZHAO Lin, CUI Liangliang

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  12-17.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.745

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Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In addition to traditional risk factors, there is a causal link between PM_2.5 exposure and CVD, which is a controllable risk factor for cardiovascular events. Effective measures to control air pollution and reduce PM_2.5 concentration can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of CVD, and alleviate the burden of CVD. As an important global public health issue, ambient air pollution should call enough attention.

PM_2.5 exposure promotes the genesis and development of atherosclerosis

WU Weidong, AN Zhen, GUI Shuangjun, XU Jie, FAN Wei, SONG Jie

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  18-26.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.692

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Fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm(PM_2.5)is a main contributor to haze, and constitutes a major risk to human health. Numerous epidemiological, clinical and toxicological studies have demonstrated that exposure to PM_2.5 has been strongly associated with the development of cardiovascular disease(CVD). Short-term 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -吴卫东,等.PM_2.5暴露促进动脉粥样硬化发生发展的研究进展 \=-exposure to PM_2.5 triggers acute cardiovascular events, while long-term exposure significantly augments the risk of morbidity and mortality. CVDs have been attributed as the leading cause of death globally in the last decades, in which atherosclerosis(AS)is an essential event in the pathogenesis. Increasing evidence has revealed that both acute exposure to high concentrations or long-term exposure to low concentrations of PM_2.5 can promote the progression and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated yet. This review mainly summarizes the association between AS and PM_2.5 exposures, and the underlying mechanisms of AS progression following PM_2.5 exposures.

A systematic review on association between particulate matter and blood glucose

MA Runmei, ZHANG Yi, WANG Yanwen, XU Dandan, SUN Zhiying, SHI Wanying, CUI Liangliang, LI Tiantian

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  27-33.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.057

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Studies have indicated that there was a statistical association between particulate matter and the prevalence of diabetes. In order to have a better understanding on this relationship, we summarized the current evidence about the relationship between particulate matter(PM₁₀/PM_2.5)and blood glucose level. Studies on the relationship between particulate matter(PM₁₀/PM_2.5)and blood glucose level were searched through the databases of National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, PubMed and Web of Science published from January 1997 to December 2017, and the references in the included studies were also traced. A total of 15 studies were included in the review. Most studies showed that the association between particulate matter and elevated blood glucose levels were statistically significant, with specific effect values varying in different regions and populations. The elderly, female and overweight population may be susceptible populations. The current number of studies on the relationship between particulate matter and blood glucose is still limited. In the future, more accurate studies based on personal exposure will be needed to explore the relationship between particulate matter and blood glucose in different populations.

Acute effects of major air pollutants on emergency calls in Jinan City

CUI Liangliang, ZHANG Meng, YU Kunkun, JIANG Chao, RUAN Shiman

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  34-41.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2017.1214

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Objectives To assess the acute effects of major air pollutants(PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂)on emergency calls in Jinan City. Methods Daily meteorological, air pollutants and health data of Jinan City in 2016 were collected for a descriptive analysis. A generalized linear model(GLM)based on Quasi-Poisson regression was used for estimating the acute effects of each pollutant and population emergency calling. The excess risk(ER)of population emergency calling and 95% confidence interval(CI)was calculated with a 10 μg/m³ increase in concentrations of PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂, separately. Furthermore, we also explored the different effects in gender(male and female)and age group(<65 years and ≥65 years old). Results A total of 43 966 emergency calls with a range from 80 to 183 were collected. With an increase of 10 μg/m³ in the concentration of PM_2.5(lag0), SO₂(lag0), NO₂(lag0), the population emergency calls could rised 0.46%(95%CI: 0.12%~0.79%), 1.25%(95%CI: 0.36%~2.14%)and 1.35%(95%CI: 0.53%~2.17%), individually. The male was more sensitive to air pollution than the female. Different acute effects of three air 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -崔亮亮,等.济南市大气重点污染物对居民应急呼叫事件的急性影响 \=-pollutants and emergency calls were varied on the different age groups. Conclusion The major air pollutants of PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ have significant acute effects on population emergency calling in Jinan City, particularly for the male and varied on the age group.

Time series analysis on the relationship between air pollution and daily emergency room visits in Zibo City

LIU Xiaoli, LIU Fangying, MENG Chao, LI Ping, ZHANG Dianping, YIN Maorong, ZHAI Shenyong

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  42-47.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.309

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Objective To explore the association between SO₂, NO₂, fine particulate matter(PM_2.5)pollution and daily emergency room visits in Zibo City. Methods The data of emergency room visits during 2016 and 2017 were collected. The number of non-accidental emergencies and respiratory diseases emergencies were statistically analyzed according to the WHO International Classification of Diseases(ICD-10). After the confounding factors including time 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -刘晓利,等.淄博市大气污染物浓度与急救人次关联的时间序列分析 \=-trends, seasonal trends, day of week(DOW)and meteorological factors were controlled, the excess risk(ER)of daily emergency room visits associated with increased SO₂, NO₂, PM_2.5 levels were analyzed with generalized addictive model(GAM)with Poisson regression. Results During 2016 and 2017, the average daily concentrations of SO₂, NO₂ and PM_2.5 were 52.6 μg/m³, 57.0 μg/m³ and 70.4 μg/m³, respectively. The daily emergency room visits was 366.78, of which 63.98 and 8.04 were due to non-accidents and respiratory diseases. The correlation analysis showed that the number of daily emergency room visits was positively correlated with the concentrations of PM_2.5, SO₂, NO₂ and CO. In the single-pollutant model, the SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations had lag effect on the number of non-accidental emergency visits, and lag1 factor had the most significant impact: a 10 μg/m³ increase of SO₂ concentration was associated with a 0.423% ER(95%CI: 0.253%-0.601%), and a 10 μg/m³ increase of NO₂ was associated with 0.412% ER(95%CI: 0.218%-0.621%). The PM_2.5 concentration had lag effect on the number of respiratory diseases emergency visits, and lag3 factor had the most significant impact: a 10 μg/m³ increase of PM_2.5 concentration was associated with a 0.314% ER(95%CI: 0.178%-0.533%). The dual-pollutant model indicated that for every 10 μg/m³ rise in SO₂ concentration, the ER of non-accidental emergency visits was 0.286%(95%CI: 0.061%-0.519%)and 0.389%(95%CI: 0.229%-0.671%)when PM_2.5 and O₃ were introduced separately; and for every 10 μg/m³ rise in NO₂ concentration, the ER was 0.176%(95%CI: 0.117%-0.561%)and 0.427%(95%CI: 0.287%-0.663%). The dual-pollutant model indicated that for every 10 μg/m³ rise in PM_2.5 concentration, the ER of respiratory diseases emergency visits was 0.219%(95%CI:0.128%-0.456%)and 0.193%(95%CI:0.101%-0.429%)when SO₂ and NO₂ were introduced separately. Conclusion The rise of SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations in the air may increase the risk of non-accidental emergencies, and the rise of PM_2.5 concentration may increase the risk of respiratory diseases emergencies. Efforts should be made to strengthen environmental protection, speed up energy reform, develop clean energies, reduce emissions of pollutants, and promote the health of residents.

Time series analysis in ambient PM_2.5 pollution and daily cardiovascular mortality in Hefei city during 2014 to 2016

WANG Zhiqiang, XU Yanlong, XIAO Changchun, FENG Xiaoliang, ZHENG Li, LI Fei, HUANG Fayuan

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  48-52.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.176

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Objective To evaluate the effects of ambient PM_2.5 pollution on mortality of circulatory diseases in Hefei City from 2014 to 2016. Methods Data on environmental factors and meteorological factors from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016 was obtained from the local municipal environmental monitoring center and meteorology bureau of Hefei City, respectively. Data on daily mortality in the same period was obtained from the Death Reporting Monitoring Network system. Controlling temporal trends, temperature, relative humidity, day of week, weekend, holidays and 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -王志强,等.合肥市2014~2016年大气污染物PM_2.5对居民循环系统疾病死亡效应的时间序列分析 \=-other factors, time-series analysis in generalized linear model which based on Poisson regression was applied to evaluate the association between air pollution and daily cardiovascular mortality. Results There was significant influence of increasing PM_2.5 concentration on the mortality of circulatory diseases. The strongest effect was the lag0 day and lag05 day, the excess risk(ER)of death risk was 0.53%(95%CI: 0.09%-0.98%)in the lag0 day and 1.01%(95%CI: 0.33%-1.70%)in lag05 day. By increasing 10 g/m³ of PM_2.5 concentration, the mortality rate of circulatory diseases increased 0.53% and 1.01%, respectively. In the elder group(age≥60),the effect was stronger(lag0: ER=0.57%, 95%CI: 0.11%-1.03%; lag05: ER=1.04%, 95%CI: 0.33%-1.76%), but there was no significant effect in the non-elder group(age<60). In the multi-pollution model, by adding SO₂ or NO₂, the effect of the model was reduced, and by adding O₃, there was no significant effect in the model. Conclusion From 2014 to 2016, air pollution had a significant impact on the mortality of circulatory diseases in Hefei City. High ambient PM_2.5 concentration can increase the number of mortality of circulatory diseases in Hefei City, and in the elder group, the effect was stronger.

Impact of air pollution on the outpatient visits of adult internal medicine in Wuxi City: a time series study

YOU Yingqi, ZHU Jingying, ZHANG Xuhui, ZHANG Xi, ZHOU Weijie

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  53-60.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.356

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Objective To explore the effect of air pollutants on the outpatient visits in adult internal medicine, and to provide a scientific basis for preventing the health damage of air pollutants to the population. Methods Data of atmospheric pollutants, daily outpatient visits of respiratory and circulatory diseases in Wuxi City from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016 were collected. The generalized additive model(GAM)method of time series Poisson distribution was used to control the mixing of long-term and seasonal variation trends, days of the week effect, meteorological factors and other pollutants. On the basis of impurity factors, the influence of air pollutants on the outpatient visits of respiratory and circulatory diseases was quantitatively analyzed. Results The effects of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ on the daily outpatient visits of respiratory and circulatory diseases in Wuxi City from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016 were hysteretic and cumulative. PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ were all lagged behind the moving average of 0-5 days(lag05), 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -游颖琦,等.无锡市大气污染对成人内科门诊量影响的时间序列研究 \=-so that the excess risk(ER)of the daily outpatient visits of respiratory diseases reached the maximum, in which the daily outpatient visits of respiratory diseases increased by respective 0.44%(95% CI: 0.08%-0.80%), 0.47%(95%CI: 0.22%-0.72%), 3.85%(95%CI: 2.73%-4.98%)and 2.63%(95%CI: 2.00%-3.26%)with their concentration increase per 10 μg/m³. The moving average values of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ were lagged 0-1 days(lag01), 0-1 days(lag01), 0-4 days(lag04), 0-4 days(lag04), respectively, which made the ER of the daily outpatient visits of circulatory system disease reach the maximum. With the concentration increase per 10 μg/m³, the daily outpatient visits of circulatory system diseases increased by 0.68%(95%CI: 0.52%-0.84%), 0.46%(95%CI: 0.34%-0.58%), 6.41%(95%CI: 5.66%-7.17%)and 4.22%(95%CI: 3.81%-4.63%). Conclusion Increased concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂ of air pollutants are associated with increased risk of outpatient visits in respiratory and circulatory diseases.

Acute effects of ambient particulate matter on local residents’ hospital visits in a heavy air polluted area of Jinan City during 2014-2016

MAN Jinyu, CUI Liangliang, HAN Lianyu, YU Kunkun, WU Xingbin, YUE Kesan, ZHOU Jingwen

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  61-67.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2017.1060

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Objective To investigate the short-term effects of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ on residents’ hospital visits in a certain area of Jinan City with heavy air pollution. Methods The daily outpatients in a general hospital, daily air pollution and meteorological data in a certain area of Jinan with heavy air pollution from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016 were collected for descriptive analysis. Appling generalized linear model, we analyzed the relationship of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ to total outpatients’ visits, respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases outpatients’ visits to community residents. We also analyzed the relationship of particulate matters to some subpopulations, including males, females, and two age groups(<65 and ≥65). Results We found a 0.28%(95%CI: 0.05%-0.50%)increase in total outpatients’ visits with a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 concentrations on the same day, and a 0.15%(95%CI: 0.02%-0.28%)increase with a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ concentrations. A 0.40%(95%CI: 0.01%-0.80%)increase in circulatory disease outpatients’ visits was found with a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 concentrations on the same day, and a 0.25%(95%CI:0.02%- 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -满金宇,等. 2014~2016年济南市空气污染严重地区大气颗粒物对社区人群门诊就诊量的急性效应分析 \=-0.47%)increase with a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ concentrations. A vulnerable effect was observed in the elderly population(≥65 years)and in males. Conclusion PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ have posed a considerable risk to residents’ hospital visiting in a certain area of Jinan City with heavy air pollution. The elderly population(≥ 65 years)and males were more vulnerable.

Effect of airborne particulates concentration on outpatient visits of respiratory diseases among children in Shijiazhuang City

CHEN Lang, ZHAO Chuan, CHEN Fengge, BAI Ping

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  68-75.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.538

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Objective To investigate the effect of the concentrations of airborne particulates PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 on daily outpatient visits of respiratory diseases among children in Shijiazhuang City. Methods The data of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations, meteorological factors(daily average temperature and relative humidity), and daily outpatient visits of respiratory diseases among children during 2013 and 2017 were collected and described in Shijiazhuang City. A time series analysis using a generalized addictive model(GAM)was applied to evaluate the association between pediatric outpatient visits for respiratory diseases and PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 exposure. Results The average concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in Shijiazhuang City were respective 195.03 and 107.13 μg/m³. Time series analysis showed that an increase of 10 μg/m³ of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 could increase the risk of outpatient visits of respiratory diseases by 0.11%(95%CI: 0.07%-0.16%)and 0.22%(95%CI: 0.15%-0.28%), respectively. After adjusting the gaseous pollutant O₃/SO₂/NO₂, the acute health effects of PM₁₀ disappeared and the health effects of PM_2.5 declined slightly. Conclusion The increase of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations may increase outpatient visits of respiratory diseases in children, recommending the relevant departments should strengthen control of air pollution and protect childrens health.

Relationship between air pollutants and outpatient visits due to pneumonia in a childrens hospital in Hefei City: a time series analysis

XIAO Changchun, TANG Jing, LI Yurong, ZHAI Jinxia

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  76-83.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.442

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Objective To estimate the association between air pollutants exposure and hospital admission for pneumonia among children in Hefei City. Methods The data of air pollutions(PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃), meteorological factors(the daily average temperature and relative humidity)and daily outpatient visits due to pneumonia in a childrens hospital in Hefei City during 2014-2017 were collected. The models of single pollutant and total-pollutant analysis developed by using generalized additive model were used to analyze the exposure-effect relationship between air pollutants and hospital admission for pneumonia among children. The lag effects(lag0-lag6)and cumulative lag effects(lag01-lag06)of air pollutions were estimated as the relative risk value of hospital admission due to pneumonia. Results The annual average concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃ were 90.24, 64.72, 16.08, 39.10, 969.90 and 76.97 μg/m³ respectively. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations were higher than the national class II standard. During the study period, a total of 67 569 outpatient visits with pneumonia were recorded, with an average daily outpatient volume of 46.25. In single pollutant models, the relative risk of hospital admission due to pneumonia were as follows: 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -肖长春,等.合肥市空气污染与某儿童医院肺炎门诊量关系的时间序列分析 \=-1.011 1, 1.009 8, 1.021 8, 1.001 5, 1.001 2 and 1.003 4 between pneumonia outpatients and PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃ with an increase of 10 μg/m³, respectively. In the total-pollutant models, only PM₁₀ significantly correlated with pneumonia outpatients in children(RR=1.008 9, P<0.05). Conclusion The short-term exposure of air pollutants affects the pneumonia outpatient visits in children, and PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂ and CO have great influence.

Time series analysis on the effects of particulate matter on the hospital visits of childrens respiratory diseases in Jinan City

JIA Xiaoqian, CUI Liangliang, YUE Kesan, LI Xinwei, HAN Lianyu, WU Xingbin, ZHOU Jingwen

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  84-90.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2017.874

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Objective To analyze the short-term effect of daily average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ on the hospital visits of childrens respiratory diseases in Jinan City in 2016. Methods A descriptive analysis of the epidemiological characters of outpatients with respiratory diseases, air pollution and weather conditions were conducted. Spearman correlation of air pollutants, weather conditions and hospital visiting were analyzed. Generalized linear model(GLM)based on Poisson regression was used to estimate the acute effects of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ on hospital visits. The vulnerability of different genders and age groups(<1 year old, 1-4 years old, 5-9 years old and ≥10 years old)was assessed. Results The average daily mean concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 73 μg/m³ and 138 μg/m³, respectively. The average hospital visit of respiratory diseases was 716 persons/day. Respiratory diseases could increase by 0.37%(95%CI: 0.04%~0.72%)and 0.29%(95%CI: 0.09%~0.50%)with a 10 μg/m³ increase of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀. The effects were 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -贾晓倩,等.济南市大气颗粒物与儿童呼吸系统疾病就诊量的时间序列分析 \=-greater in females than in males, which showed an increasing trend with the increase of age. Conclusion A significant acute effect of airborne particulate matter with respiratory diseases in children has been observed. The female is more sensitive to air pollution than male, and the older children are more vulnerable to air pollution.

Association between ambient ozone and mortality of respiratory diseases in Jinan, China: a time series analysis

CAO Ruoming, CUI Liangliang, JIANG Chao, JING Yiming, ZHOU Lin, ZHANG Lin, LIU Shouqin

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  91-97.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2017.1206

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Objective To investigate the association between ambient ozone(O₃)and mortality of respiratory diseases in Jinan City. Methods The daily information of air pollutants, meteorological indicators and mortality of respiratory diseases during 2013 and 2015 was collected. The association between daily O₃ and mortality of respiratory diseases was evaluated with general linear model(GLM)based on Quasi-Poisson regression. Confounding factors of the seasonal 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -曹若明,等.济南市大气污染物O₃与居民呼吸系统疾病死亡风险的时间序列分析 \=-patterns, long-term trends, meteorological factors, day of the week(DOW)effect, holiday effect and warm-heating effect were controlled. Excess risk(ER)and 95% confidence interval(95%CI)of the mortality of respiratory diseases were calculated based on a 10 μg/m³ increase in O₃ concentration. Sensitive analysis was conducted, including dual-pollutant model(O₃+PM_2.5, O₃+SO₂, O₃+NO₂)and multi-pollutant model(O₃+PM_2.5+SO₂+NO₂). A further analysis was conducted based on gender and age group stratification. Results The daily average concentration of O₃ was 102 μg/m³, and 8 persons died of respiratory diseases daily. Overall, with 10 μg/m³ increase in the concentration of O₃, the ERs for mortality of respiratory diseases were 0.95%(95%CI: 0.28%-1.63%)and 1.70%(95%CI: 0.27%-3.16%)in lag3 and lag05, respectively. There was no statistical difference in ER between male and female, but a significantly higher ER was observed in persons aged ≥65 years. Conclusion There is a positive association between daily O₃ and mortality of respiratory diseases in Jinan, especially among people who are above 65 years old.

Time series analysis of the impacts of gaseous air pollutants on community residents outpatient visits in Licheng District of Jinan City during 2014 and 2016

MAN Jinyu, YUE Kesan, CUI Liangliang, LI Xinwei, HAN Lianyu, WU Xingbin, LIU Shouqin

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  98-104.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2017.1268

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Objective To investigate the short-term effects of gaseous air pollutants on residents outpatient visits in the heavily polluted Licheng District of Jinan City. Methods The daily number of outpatients in a general hospital, daily air pollution and meteorological data in Licheng District during Jan. 1, 2014 and Dec. 31, 2016 were collected for 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -满金宇,等.2014~2016年济南市历城区大气气态污染物对社区人群门诊就诊影响的时间序列分析 \=-descriptive analysis. The relationship between the daily concentrations of gaseous air pollutants and the number of outpatients was analyzed with generalized linear model(GLM). The correlations between the concentrations of pollutants and different gender groups, age groups(<65 years and ≥65 years), respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases were evaluated. Results The total number of outpatients was 241 574, averaged 220 per day. The average daily concentrations of NO₂, SO₂ and CO were 53 μg/m³, 58 μg/m³ and 1 506 μg/m³, respectively. The concentration of NO₂ was related to the number of outpatients. An increase of 10 μg/m³ in the concentration of NO₂ meant the number of outpatients would increase by 1.13%(95%CI: 0.55%-1.70%)on lag0 and by 1.47%(95%CI:0.72%-2.22%)on lag02. There was correlation between the daily concentration of NO₂ and the total number of outpatients, different gender groups and age groups, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. The same lag pattern was observed in different gender groups, age groups, and cardiovascular diseases. The pattern of respiratory diseases was different. The male had a higher risk than female, and the ≥65 group had a higher risk than the <65 group. Conclusion Our findings indicate that NO₂ has posed a considerable risk to residents outpatient visits, and the elderly population(≥ 65 years)and males are more vulnerable.

Acute effects of air pollutants SO₂ and NO₂ on emergency calls events for cardiovascular disease during 2013-2015 in Jinan City, China

CUI Liangliang, NIU Jilun, YU Kunkun, DAI Zhixiang, RUAN Shiman

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  105-110.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2017.1212

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Objectives To evaluate the acute effects of air pollutants(SO₂ and NO₂)on the emergency callings(EC)for cardiovascular disease in Jinan City, China. Methods Daily meteorological, air pollutants and EC data between 2013 and 2015 were collected for a descriptive analysis. A generalized additive model based on Quasi-Poisson regression was used to estimate the acute effects of each pollutant and EC. The lag pattern of lag days(lag1-lag7)and moving average effect(lag01-lag07)were explored. The excess risk of EC and 95% confidence interval(95%CI)was calculated with an increase of 10 μg/m³ in concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂, separately. Results The average of daily SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations and EC number were 73 μg/m³, 55 μg/m³ and 17 callings per day, respectively. Per 10 μg/m³ increase in concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂, at lag0, the EC could rise 0.41%(95%CI: 0.10%-0.72%)and 0.99%(95%CI: 0.27%-1.71%), respectively. Conclusion An obvious association is found in the acute effects of SO₂ and NO₂ to the emergency callings for cardiovascular disease in Jinan City, China.

Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure during pregnancy on the development of infant in Qingdao City, China

CUI Jing, SUN Zhitao, XIE Meng, ZHANG Qian, WANG Bingling, GAO Ruqin

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  111-115.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.780

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Objective To explore the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)exposure during pregnancy on the development of infants aged 6 and 12 months in a birth cohort in Qingdao City. Methods A total of 348 infants born during Jan. and Dec. 2014 were enrolled in this analysis. PAH-DNA adduct of umbilical cord blood was determined, and development quotients(DQs)were measured at the ages of 6 and 12 months with Gesell Development Inventory. The correlation between PAH-DNA adduct and DQs at the ages of 6 and 12 months was assessed with Spearman correlation analysis. The effects of PAH-DNA adduct on the DQs at the age of 12 months was evaluated with linear regression models. Results The detection rate of PAH-DAN adduct was 52.4%. The DQs of 5 functional areas ranged from 66 to 118 at the age of 6 months, and ranged from 72 to 156 at the age of 12 months. Spearman correlation 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -崔静,等.青岛人群孕期多环芳烃暴露对婴幼儿发育的影响 \=-analysis showed that the PAH-DNA adduct levels were negatively correlated with the DQs of gross motor(r=0.188), fine motor(r=0.196), and personal social behavior(r=0.180)at the age of 12 months, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). After the gender of infants, age of pregnant woman, birth weight, and educational levels of pregnant woman were adjusted, the PAH-DNA adduct levels were negatively correlated with the DQs of adaptive, gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal social behavior at the age of 12 months(P<0.05). Conclusion PAHs exposure during pregnancy may have adverse effects on the development of 12-month-old infants. Reducing PAHs exposure has certain preventive effects on the early developmental damage in infants.

Pollution evaluation of heavy metals on PM_2.5 in a city of North China

LIU Xiao, ZUO Shumei, ZHANG Ying, CHEN Fengge, YAN Xiangjuan, YANG Lixue

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  116-122.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.549

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Objective To understand the pollution characteristics of PM_2.5 and heavy metals in PM_2.5 in a city of North China in 2014. Methods Taking the main city as the research subject, the concentrations of PM_2.5 and heavy metals(As, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb and Ti)in PM_2.5 were determined. The source, pollution degree and ecological risk of heavy metals of PM_2.5 during heating and non-heating period were evaluated by the enrichment factor(EF), the ground accumulation index and the potential ecological risk index. Results The concentration of PM_2.5 in the main area was significantly different between the heating period and non-heating period in 2014. The mean concentrations of PM_2.5 in the two periods were 184 μg/m³ and 96 μg/m³, respectively. The EFs of Cd, Hg and Pb indicated that they were highly enriched during heating and non-heating period, so they were mainly from human activities. As which was influenced by both nature and human activities, was significantly enriched. Ti was significantly enriched in the heating period and 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -刘肖,等.华北某市PM_2.5中重金属污染评价 \=-strongly enriched in the non heating period, Co、Cr and Ni was slightly enriched in the heating period which mainly came from the earths crust and slightly affected by human activities. The orders of heavy metals pollution degree in PM_2.5 in heating period and non-heating period were Cd>Hg>Pb>Ti>As>Cr>Ni=Co and Cd>Hg>Ti>As>Pb>Ni=Cr>Co. The most serious pollution was Cd. The pollution degree of Hg, Pb and Ti in heating period was obviously higher than in non-heating period. The potential ecological risk of Cd in PM_2.5 was extremely strong. Hg had a strong ecological risk, and As, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Ti had slight ecological risks. The comprehensive ecological risk index of heavy metals in PM_2.5 was more than 600, meaning the potential ecological risk was extremely strong. Conclusion The degree of enrichment,pollution and ecological risk of heavy metals of PM_2.5 during the sampling days and heavy polluted weather in heating period were more serious than that in non-heating period in 2014, which impacted the health of the people in this environment.

Trend analysis and forecast of the contents of metal and metalloid elements in the air fine particulate matter in Jinan City, China

SUN Zhan, LIU Zhong, ZHANG Xin, YU Zhigang, LI Xinwei, CUI Liangliang, ZHANG Yi, LIU Lanzheng

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  123-129.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.226

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Objective To analyze the variation trend of metal and metalloid elements in the air fine particulate matter from 2014 to 2017 in Jinan City, and provide corresponding data supports for the scientific and targeted air pollution control. Methods According to the regional characteristics of air pollution in Jinan City, the samples were selected from two monitoring points in Licheng and Shizhong Districts. The concentrations of fine particulate matter, metal, and metalloid elements were detected. Using the data from 2014 to 2017, a prediction model was established, and the concentration of fine particulate matter in 2018 was predicted by using prediction model. Results During 2014-2017, the concentration of fine particulate matter in Jinan City ranged from 4.7 μg/m³ to 497.8 μg/m³. The concentration of fine particulate matter in the second and third quarters were lower than that in the first and fourth quarters, and the concentration of fine particulate matter in Licheng District was higher than that in Shizhong District. The exceeding standard ratio of the 24 h average value was 45.43%, while the mean of the 24 h average value was(1.06±0.81)times. The overall trend of 12 metal and metalloid elements was consistent with the mass concentration; it remained basically high from 山 东 大 学 学 报 (医 学 版)56卷11期 -孙湛,等.济南市空气细颗粒物浓度和金属及类金属元素变化趋势和预测 \=-2014 to 2015, and gradually decreased in 2016. The peak of mass concentration was always later than the peak of metal and metalloid concentration. The predicted concentration of fine particulate matter in 2018 was decreased compared with that in 2017. Conclusion The concentration of fine particulate matter and the metal and metalloid elements varied significantly in different quarters, and the higher levels were observed in the first and fourth quarters. So, specific control measures should be taken according to different air pollution status. The predictive effect of the time-series model of the concentration of fine particulate matter in Jinan works well, which can not only contributes to understanding the trends of the concentration of fine particulate matter in Jinan, but also can serve as an important indicator of heavy pollution.

Internal exposure of volatile organic compounds in residents near an industrial base

CUI Yongxue, LI Xinwei, CUI Liangliang, LIU Zhong, MENG Zhonghua, ZHOU Jingwen

Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2018, 56(11):  130-136.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2018.236

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Objective To detect the internal exposure of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in residents near an industrial base and residents of control area, and to analyze whether the industrial base had caused an increase in exposure levels among nearby residents. Methods Residents near the industrial base A were selected as the exposure group. At the same time, a 1∶1 matching(age ±3, same sex)control group was established. The basic information of residents was collected; VOCs(benzene compounds and halo-hydrocarbons)in whole blood were detected by the method of purge and trap; and the differences were statistically analyzed. Results The detection rate of toluene in exposure group was higher than the control group. The medians of concentration of benzene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-/p-xylene, tetrachloromethane, bromodichloromethane and trichloro ethylene in exposure group were all higher than control group, and the same was observed on the detection rate. Conclusion Industrial base A raised the internal exposure levels of ethylbenzene, o-xylene, and m-/p-xylene of nearby residents. It is recommended to propagandize the biohazard of trichloroethylene and the preventive measures.