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    10 December 2021
    Volume 59 Issue 12
    Strengthen research on early warning of environmental health risks and promote public health services
    LI Tiantian, WANG Qing, SUN Qinghua
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  1-5.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1322
    Abstract ( 1051 )   HTML ( 18 )   PDF (1257KB) ( 425 )   Save
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    With increasing attention to environmental health issues, research on environmental health risk assessment and early warning have become a hot spot. Progress has been made on the early warning of health risks from environmental risk factors such as air pollution, heat waves, and cold waves. The air quality health index(AQHI)and early warning platform have been established in many pilot cities across the country, providing a scientific reference for public health protection. Research and application on early warning of health risks from extreme weather have also been initiated. The early warning models and early warning classification of heat wave and cold wave health risks have been constructed, and real-time release has been realized in pilot cities. In general, research on the early warning of environmental health risks and public health services in China is still in the initial stage. More research is needed, applicability should be evaluated, and the early warning model and related indexes should be optimized. Meanwhile, a multi-sectoral cooperation mechanism should be established, and a sound working-system of early warning of environmental health risks should be constructed, in order to promote its application nationwide. Based on the early warning information, intervention measures should be taken to reduce health risks caused by environmental factors and improve peoples health.
    Research progress on environmental health risk perception
    HUANG Lei, YE Ziwen, LI Tiantian
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  6-12.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.0959
    Abstract ( 1164 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF (4969KB) ( 253 )   Save
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    With the development of science and technology, environmental problems are becoming more and more serious, which also bring many potential health risks. Studying the publics perception of environmental health risks can provide a scientific basis for risk management decision-making. Through literature review, this paper expounds the research countries and objects of environmental health risk perception in recent three years, focuses on the research fields and research methods of environmental health risk perception, and summarizes the characteristics, hot spots and trends of environmental health risk perception. Finally, the paper summarizes the shortcomings of current research and prospects future research.
    Temperature-related burden of disease: a review of recent studies
    XU Huaiyue, WANG Qing, MA Runmei, BAN Jie, LI Tiantian
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  13-19.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.0823
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    As a worldwide environmental risk factor, ambient temperature can increase the mortality and morbidity of affected population, and cause economic losses. It is crucial to estimate temperature-related burden of disease(BD)to support the planning and implement of relevant policies to protect public health and adapt to climate change. This review summarized the evidence on temperature-related BD in the current research, systematically identified advantages and limitations of methodologies to measure the different indicators of temperature-related BD, and provided recommendations for studies assessing and estimating temperature-related BD.
    Interpretation of the “Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Exposure”
    DU Yanjun, BAN Jie, SUN Qinghua, ZHANG Yi, WANG Qing, CHEN Chen, LIU Yuanyuan, LI Tiantian
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  20-23.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1267
    Abstract ( 1453 )   HTML ( 23 )   PDF (1381KB) ( 419 )   Save
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    There is a great demand for technical guidelines for enviromental risk assessment of chemical substances in China. On March 29th 2021, the National Health Commission of the Peoples Republic of China officially issued and implemented WS/T 777-2021, “Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Exposure”(referred to as “Guide”), in order to regulate environmental health risk assessment of chemicals. This article will interpret the background, content and characteristics of the Guide.
    Concentration changes and health risk of 8 heavy metals in drinking water in Jinan from 2016 to 2020
    PENG Xiumiao, WANG Xuefeng, GONG Weimei, ZHANG Yang, ZHOU Jingwen, CUI Liangliang
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  24-32.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.0988
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    Objective To investigate the long-term change of heavy metals concentration and chronic health risk in drinking water in urban and rural areas of Jinan. Methods From 2016 to 2020, the drinking water samples were collected in 10 districts and counties, and 8 heavy metals in 2,690 samples were analyzed, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium(hexagonal), lead, selenium, aluminum, copper and zinc. Based on the Technical Guidelines for Chemical Environmental Health Risk Assessment(WS/T 777-2021), the chronic health risks of the 3 heavy metals(arsenic, lead, copper)in drinking water intake exposure were analyzed. The characteristics of different water samples, water types, and water periods were described. Results Of the 8 heavy metals, 6 showed a descending trend, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, copper and zinc. Among them, the concentrations of aluminum(7/2 690, 0.22%)and lead(3/2 690, 0.11%)exceeded the national standards. Health risk assessment showed that arsenic had both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, lead had carcinogenic risk, and copper had non-carcinogenic risk. The main risk indicators of heavy metal pollution in urban drinking water were arsenic, lead and copper, and were arsenic in rural drinking water. The health risks of drinking water in different water samples, water types and water periods showed a downward trend. There were differences in arsenic carcinogenic risk(P=0.016)and lead carcinogenic risk(P<0.001)among different water types. The arsenic carcinogenic risk and copper non-carcinogenic risk in specially treated drinking water were reduced. Conclusion From 2016 to 2020, the concentrations of most heavy metals in the drinking water in Jinan showed a descending trend, but arsenic, lead and copper still had long-term chronic health risks and due attention should be paid to drinking water risk management.
    Residue characteristics and health risk of beta-agonists in fodder-faeces-drinking water in intensive animal breeding area
    XIA Huiyu, LIU Zhong, LIU Shumin, LI Xuewen
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  33-41.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.0890
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    Objective To investigate the residual characteristics of beta-agonists in fodder and faeces in an animal breeding area in eastern China, and to evaluate the human health risk of them in drinking water. Methods High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS)was used to detect 12 beta-agonists in fodder(n=70), faeces(n=75)and drinking water(n=59)samples of different farms. Differences among faeces of different animal species were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, and the health risks were evaluated by allowable daily intake(ADI). Results Beta-agonists were detected in all kinds of samples. The detection rate of 12 beta-agonists in fodder was higher than 50%. Detection rate of brombuterol was as high as 100%, and the concentration of fenoterol was the highest(102.94 μg/kg). Detection rate of beta-agonists in faeces was higher than 80%, and the detection rates of brombuterol and bromocreentrol were 100%; fenoterol was predominated(395.84 μg/kg)in faeces samples. The concentrations of beta-agonists in faeces of different livestock and poultry were statistical significant. Except terbutaline, the residual levels of other 11 substances in faeces were the highest in cattle farms(P<0.05). All beta-agonists were also detected in drinking water, and the detection rate of them was mostly more than 80%, of which brombuterol reached 100%, and the median concentration of fenoterol was the highest(30.09 ng/L). Through drinking water exposure, the non-carcinogenic health risk to human body of clenbuterol and ractopamine was relatively low. Conclusion A variety of beta-agonists were detected in the animal fodder and animal faeces in this study area. Beta-agonists in animal faeces can cause drinking water pollution through environmental diffusion. Thus, beta-agonists administrated in fodder needs to be paid great attention by local government.
    Health risk assessment of drinking water in Qingdao from 2014 to 2019
    PAN Lu, WANG Bingling, WANG Yin, ZHANG Xiuqin, XU Chunsheng, LI Dandan, DUAN Haiping
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  42-49.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1010
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    Objective To evaluate the health risk of drinking water in Qingdao from 2014 to 2019, and thus to provide the data basis for the drinking water risk management. Methods Totally 2 963 samples of drinking water from 2014 to 2019 in 10 districts of Qingdao were collected, and the risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA)was applied to evaluate the health risks caused by 17 chemical pollutants in drinking water. Results The highest carcinogenic risk of adult caused by drinking water was cadmium(carcinogenic risk was 1.94×10-5), followed by chromium and arsenic. The carcinogenic risks of all six chemical pollutants showed an overall downward trend in 6 years. Fluoride had the highest non-carcinogenic risk(hazard quotient was 0.31), followed by nitrate and arsenic. There was no statistically significant difference in carcinogenic risk between men and women. Arsenic, chromium, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride showed statistically different carcinogenetic risks between finished water and tap water(all P<0.05). The carcinogenic risk of chloroform in the high flow period was greater than that in the low flow period(P=0.009). Conclusion The health risk of drinking water in Qingdao is below the maximum acceptable risk level recommended by US EPA. The health risks of 17 chemical pollutants are at an acceptable level and will not cause obvious health risk for adult. The carcinogenic risks of cadmium, arsenic and chromium and the non-carcinogenic risks of fluoride, nitrate nitrogen and arsenic are relatively high, and should be given priority attention in drinking water risk management.
    Spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of nitrates and health risks in drinking water in Zibo City
    LIU Fangying, ZHAO Zhiqiang, MENG Chao, WANG Dan, LI Ping, LIU Xiaoli, ZHANG Dianping, WANG Qin, WANG Min
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  50-57.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1217
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    Objective To conduct health risk assessment of nitrate in drinking water, and provide technical basis for water quality intervention. Methods In 2016-2020, nitrate content in 2,575 urban and rural drinking water samples were tested. Based on "Technical Guidelines for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances"(WS/T 777-2021), spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of nitrate content and non-carcinogenic health risks were analyzed in different years, types, water sources, and water treatment methods. Results A total of 2,575 water samples were tested in 2016-2020, and the exceeding standard rate of the nitrate was 10.76%. The nitrate content of drinking water was spatially agglomerated. The high values were mainly concentrated in the middle and east of Yiyuan County and the southwest of Boshan District, while the low values were concentrated in Gaoqing and Huantai Counties. Nitrate content and non-carcinogenic health risks of drinking water were generally increasing year by year, with rural water higher than urban water, groundwater higher than surface water, and untreated water higher than treated water. The 5-year overall average non-carcinogenic risk was 0.21, with the relatively low non-carcinogenic risk; the highest non-carcinogenic risk was 1.99, and the areas with the highest non-carcinogenic risk value higher than 1 were mainly concentrated in Yiyuan County, which has long-term non-carcinogenic risk to humans. Conclusion Nitrate pollution in drinking water is serious in some areas of Zibo City, and there is a non-carcinogenic health risk. It should be paid attention to and water quality intervention measures should be taken.
    Distribution of microplastics in drinking water in Qingdao
    CHAI Ran, ZHANG Xiuqin, XU Chunsheng, WANG Yin, PAN Lu, WANG Bingling, DUAN Haiping
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  58-62.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1068
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    Objective To explore the distribution of microplastics in drinking water in Qingdao. Methods Altogether 32 tap water samples were collected from different water sources and 500 mL of each sample was used for analysis. The type, particle number and size of microplastics were analyzed with laser direct infrared imaging(LDIR). Results Microplastics were detected in 25 samples(78.1%). The maximum value of microplastics in all samples was 360/L, and the M(P25,P75)was 18(2.5,91.5)/L. Among the 25 samples with microplastics detected, 2 with abundance higher than 300 particles/L were from urban surface water; 8 with abundance less than the median were from rural tap water. The highest detection rate 81.8%(9/11)of microplastics was found in urban surface water. The 8 types of microplastics detected included polyamide(PA), polyethylene terephthalate(PET), polystyrene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polyoxymethylene ester, polyvinyl chloride and polysulfone. PET showed the highest proportion(85.8%), followed by PA(8.5%). The abundance of microplastics in drinking water decreased with the increase of particle size. Particles 0-30 μm in size had the highest proportion(49.7%), followed by 30-50 μm(28.4%), 50-100 μm(15.7%)and 100-300 μm(6.1%). Conclusion The abundance and proportion of microplastics in tap water from different sources are different in Qingdao, of which the urban areas are higher than the rural areas. PET products, as the main source of microplastics in drinking water, should arouse due attention.
    Concentration characteristics and chronic health risk assessment of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in two districts of Jinan from 2016 to 2020
    WANG Liheng, PENG Xiumiao, ZHANG Yingjian, SHAN Bing, CAO Meng, CUI Liangliang
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  63-69.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1215
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    Objective To analyze the concentration characteristics of metal elements in atmospheric PM2.5 in two districts of Jinan, and to assess the health risks. Methods From 2016 to 2020, Shizhong District and Licheng District of Jinan were selected to monitor the monthly composition of PM2.5 and its 12 metal elements, including antimony, aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, manganese, thallium, nickel, and selenium. With reference to The Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances, the chronic health risks of metals in PM2.5 were analyzed. Results A total of 884 quartz fiber filters were collected. Except mercury, the concentrations of the other 11 metals in Licheng District were higher than those in Shizhong District, with statistically significant differences. The top 3 metals were aluminum, lead and manganese, accounting for 90%. Manganese, arsenic and cadmium had hazard quotient(HQ)greater than 1, indicating a high noncarcinogenic risk. The other metals had HQ less than 1. Chromium had the highest carcinogenic risk, HQ ranging from 1×10-6 to 1×10-4, conferring certain carcinogenic risk, followed by arsenic, whose maximum carcinogenic risk(CR)exceeded 1×10-4 in both monitoring sites; the maximum CR of cadmium exceeded 1×10-6 in both monitoring sites; the maximum CR of lead, nickel and beryllium did not exceed 1×10-6, indicating a low carcinogenic risk. Conclusion The concentrations of aluminum, lead and manganese are relatively high in the air of Jinan. Manganese, arsenic and cadmium have the highest non-carcinogenic risks, while chromium, arsenic and cadmium have the highest carcinogenic risks.
    Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of metals and metalloids in PM2.5 in two districts of Zhengzhou
    YANG Siyu, YAN Xiaona, PENG Jing, ZHANG Jie, WANG Yongxing, ZHANG Xinye, ZHANG Shufang
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  70-77.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1079
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    Objective To investigate the characteristics and sources of metals and metalloids in PM2.5 in Zhengzhou and the carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic risk through inhalation route. Methods Ambient PM2.5 was collected and weighed in Erqi District and Jingkai District in 2019 and 12 kinds of metals and metalloids in PM2.5 were measured. Source apportionment of metals and metalloids in PM2.5 were conducted and health risks were evaluated according to Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Exposure(WS/T777-2021). Results In 2019, the annual average concentrations of ambient PM2.5 in Erqi District and Jingkai District were 78 μg /m3 and 81 μg/m3 respectively. The concentrations of metals and metalloids in PM2.5 from high to low were Al>Mn>Pb>As>Se>Cr>Sb>Cd>Ni>Hg>Tl>Be. The seasonal differences of most metals and metalloids were statistically significant(P<0.05), and the concentrations in heating season were higher than those in the non-heating season. Enrichment factor analysis showed that the EF value of Be in Erqi District was lower than 10. The carcinogenic risks of As, Cd and Cr were higher than 1×10-6, which were(3.0×10-5/2.9×10-5),(2.2×10-6/2.4×10-6),(4.9×10-6/3.2×10-6)in Erqi District and Jingkai District respectively. For non-carcinogenic risk, the HQ of 10 metals and metalloids were all lower than 1. Conclusion The PM2.5 content in Zhengzhou City has decreased, but there is still a certain gap compared with other areas. As, Cd and Cr have potential carcinogenic risks, which should be paid more attention to, and control measures should be taken to reduce residents exposure to possible pollution sources such as traffic, industry and coal burning.
    Trend and health risk assessment of chemical components in atmospheric PM2.5 in Shijiazhuang City from 2016 to 2020
    SUN Chengyao, TANG Dajing, CHEN Fengge, ZHAO Chuan, GUAN Mingyang
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  78-86.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.0872
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    Objective To analyze the trend and seasonal distribution characteristics of chemical components in fine particulate matter(PM2.5)in Shijiazhuang City, and to evaluate their potential health risks. Methods A total of 840 PM2.5 samples were collected from the roofs of teaching buildings of two primary schools within 2 km of the ambient air quality monitoring point in Shijiazhuang City from January 2016 to December 2020. The components of water-soluble inorganic ions(WSIIs), metals and metallic elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in PM2.5 were detected by ion chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively, and the health risk assessment was carried out through Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Exposure(WS/T777-2021). Results The average annual concentration of PM2.5 from 2016 to 2020 showed a downward trend year by year, but still exceeded the standard limit(35 μg/m3), and it was higher in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. WSIIs had the highest content in PM2.5; the concentration of all ions basically showed a trend of gradual decline except for nitrate ion(NO3-), and showed seasonal distribution characteristics similar to PM2.5. Metals and metallic elements aluminum(Al), lead(Pb), manganese(Mn)in PM2.5 content was high, others showed a downward trend in 5 years basically except for Al and Mn, but the concentration of chromium(Cr)was still well above the standard limit, and most elements were higher in winter. The total annual concentration of 16 PAHs showed a gradual upward trend since 2016 and gradual decline after 2018, with the characteristics of higher concentrations in autumn and winter. The health risk assessment results showed that arsenic(As), Cr, and PAHs had carcinogenic risk in different years and seasons(CR>1.0×10-6), and PAHs had a higher risk of non-carcinogenicity(HQ>1). Conclusion In recent years, the air quality in Shijiazhuang has improved, but the situation is still serious. Some components in PM2.5 still exists a certain risk of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic in the current level of exposure, and the monitoring and health risk assessment should be strengthened.
    Concentration characteristics and chronic health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM2.5 in two districts of Jinan from 2016 to 2020
    CAO Meng, WANG Liheng, PENG Xiumiao, CUI Liangliang
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  87-95.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1218
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    Objective To analyze the concentration characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in atmospheric PM2.5, and to assess the chronic health risks of inhalation pathway of PAHs. Methods Monthly monitoring of PM2.5 and its 16 PAHs were conducted, including naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo ［a］ anthracene, benzo ［b］ fluoranthene, benzo ［k］ fluoranthene, benzo ［a］ pyrene, dibenz ［a, h］ anthracene, benzo ［g, h, i］ perylene, and indeno ［1, 2, 3-cd］ pyrene. The chronic health risks for adults were assessed with reference to The Technical Guide for Environmental Health risk Assessment of Chemical Substances(WS/T777-2021). Results A total of 448 and 442 days of monitoring were carried out in the Shizhong District and Licheng District, respectively. The average concentrations of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo ［a］ anthracene, benzo ［b］ fluoranthene, benzo ［k］ fluoranthene, benzo ［a］ pyrene, dibenz ［a, h］ anthracene, benzo ［g,h,i］ perylene and indeno ［1, 2, 3-cd］ pyrene were in Licheng District higher than those in Shizhong District(P<0.05). The concentrations of PAHs at the two monitoring sites decreased year by year since 2016, showing an obvious seasonal variation, and winter had the most serious pollution. The carcinogenic risks of benzo ［a］ anthracene, benzo ［b］ fluoranthene, benzo ［k］ fluoranthene, benzo ［a］ pyrene, dibenz ［a, h］ anthracene, indeno ［1, 2, 3-cd］ pyrene exceeded the recommended risk value of 1×10-6, and the chronic non-carcinogenic risk of benzo ［a］ pyrene exceeded the recommended risk value of 1. Conclusion During the Thirteenth Five-year Plan period, the concentration of PAHs in atmospheric PM2.5 in Jinan decreased year by year, but benzo ［a］ anthracene, benzo ［b］ fluoranthene, benzo ［k］ fluoranthene, benzo ［a］ pyrene, dibenz ［a, h］ anthracene, indeno ［1, 2, 3-cd］ pyrene still have certain health risks, which should arouse more attention in future air pollution control.
    Individual differences and association analysis of PM2.5 risk perception and protective behavior in 457 pregnant women
    YE Ziwen, HUANG Lei, FANG Qiang, LONG Haiping
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  96-100.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.0704
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    Objective To explore the individual differences and analyze the association of PM2.5 risk perception with protection behavior in pregnant women. Methods A total of 457 pregnant women were recruited from Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital. Their risk perception of PM2.5 and protective behavior were surveyed with a self-made questionnaire. The data were analyzed with χ2 test, Kruskal Wallis H test, and polytomous ordinal Logistic regression. Results Older age, higher education level and higher income level were associated with more attention to PM2.5(χ2=14.19, P=0.007; χ2=19.61, P<0.001; χ2=8.93, P=0.030). Pregnant women with low concern of PM2.5 and low income(<4,000 yuan per month)took fewer measures to deal with PM2.5 pollution(OR=0.30, 95%CI: 0.15-0.60, P=0.001; OR=0.37, 95%CI: 0.20-0.69, P=0.002). Conclusion Pregnant women with low income are more vulnerable to PM2.5. It is necessary to increase the concern of these groups to PM2.5 and enhance their ability to avoid PM2.5 risk.
    Association between PM2.5 and PM10 exposure with gestational diabetes mellitus in certain areas of Shandong Province
    XIAO Yang, TAO Yu, WANG Fangyi, LIANG Yuxiu, ZHANG Jin, JI Xiaokang, WANG Zhiping
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  101-109.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1201
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    Objective To explore the relationship between fine particulate matter air pollution(PM2.5)and inhalable particulate matter(PM10)exposure before and during pregnancy with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), and to analyze the critical exposure window. Methods Based on the provincial platform database established by Health and Medical Research Institute of Shandong University, maternal data were collected from 2018 to 2020. With reference to daily monitoring data of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 from 64 monitoring stations, and the longitude and latitude coordinates of pregnant womens addresses and monitoring station addresses, each subjects daily exposure concentration was calculated by inverse distance weighting(IDW)method to obtain the average exposure level before pregnancy, and in the first trimester and second trimester of pregnancy. The relationship between PM2.5 and PM10 exposure with the risk of GDM was analyzed with Logistic regression. The critical exposure window of PM2.5 and PM10 were determined with a distributed lag non-linear model. Results (1) A total of 18,407 people were eligible for inclusion, including 1,020 pregnant women with GDM, with a prevalence of 5.54%. (2) The average exposure concentration of PM2.5 in the second trimester was(52.45±18.26)μg/m3, which was higher than that before pregnancy ［(50.71±16.98)μg/m3］ and in the first trimester ［(51.08±17.15)μg/m3］, and the difference was statistically significant (F=21.98, P<0.001). The exposure concentration of PM10 before and during pregnancy had no statistically difference(F=2.36, P=0.124). (3) After the covariables were adjusted, the average exposure concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 in the second trimester were positively correlated with the risk of GDM, which increased by 18% and 15% with each increase of 10 μg/m3 exposure concentration(OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.07-1.31; OR=1.15, 95%CI: 1.09-1.21). (4) The critical exposure window of PM2.5 and PM10 were 18-24 weeks and 14-22 weeks of pregnancy, respectively. Conclusion PM2.5 and PM10 exposure in the second trimester significantly increases the risk of GDM.
    Health risk assessment of common chemical pollutants in the indoor air of hotels, barber shops and beauty salons in Jinan City
    SHAN Bing, CUI Liangliang, ZHANG Yingjian, CAO Meng, QIN Dazhong, WANG Liheng, PENG Xiumiao
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  110-119.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1208
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    Objective To explore the health risks and distribution characteristics of benzene, toluene, xylene, ammonia and formaldehyde in hotels, barber shops and beauty salons in Jinan, so as to provide reference for strengthening health management in public places. Methods Monitoring points were set up in Lixia, Shizhong, Huaiyin, Tianqiao, Licheng, Changqing and Zhangqiu to monitor health hazard factors in public places. The method recommended in The Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Substances(WS/T 777-2021)was used to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of inhalation of chemical pollutants in public places. Results The non-carcinogenic hazard quotient(HQ)of toluene in the air of all public places was lower than 1, while the mediam HQ of formaldehyde was greater than 1. The median HQ of benzene and xylene in hotels, benzene and ammonia in barber shops and benzene in beauty salons were less than 1, but the maximum risk was greater than 1. The lowest carcinogenic risk of formaldehyde in the air of all public places was higher than 10-6, and the maximum value was higher than 10-4. The median carcinogenic risk of benzene in the air of all public places was lower than 10-6, but the maximum value was higher than 10-6. The highest risk of benzene in hotels exceeded 10-4. Conclusion Toluene exposure in hotels, barber shops and beauty salons in Jinan do not exceed the adverse reaction threshold, and the non-carcinogenic risk is low. Benzene, xylene, ammonia, formaldehyde have non-carcinogenic risks, so continuous monitoring and risk assessment are required. Formaldehyde has a high carcinogenic risk. Benzene has a low carcinogenic risk, but the extreme risk may exceed 10-4.
    Comprehensive health risk of people exposed to farmland soil related heavy metals and the pollution status in agriculture area of Jinan City
    ZHANG Yingjian, PENG Xiumiao, ZHU Yunkun, ZHOU Jingwen, CUI Liangliang
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  120-126.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1030
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    Objective To explore the current situation of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil, assess the comprehensive health risk of the exposed population through various ways, and provide an scientific basis for formulating policies and taking measures to reduce the health risk of heavy metal exposure in farmland soil in rural areas and counties of Jinan City. Methods Seven agricultural districts and counties in Jinan City were selected as the investigation sites. According to the method of two-stage stratified sampling, 20 administrative villages were randomly selected as monitoring sites, and one sample of farmland soil was collected from each monitoring point. Five kinds of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury and arsenic were detected and analyzed in the laboratory. Assessment of carcinogenic and chronic non-carcinogenic health risks of five heavy metals were carried out according to the Technical Guide for Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Exposure(WS/T 777-2021). Results A total of 124 farmland soil samples were collected in the city. The highest median concentration of chromium was 53.2 mg/kg, followed by lead(17.8 mg/kg), arsenic(9.0 mg/kg)and cadmium(0.12 mg/kg), and the lowest concentration of mercury was 0.074 mg/kg. Arsenic, cadmium and mercury exceeded the standard, and the over-standard rates were 3.23%, 3.23% and 0.81%, respectively. The HI of chronic non-carcinogenic health risk of five heavy metals in farmland soil was less than 1; the median CCR of arsenic carcinogenic health risk was more than 1.0×10-6, and the probability risk was about 98%, bigger than 1.0×10-6; the median CCR of chromium was less than 1.0×10-6, and the probability risk was about 1%, bigger than 1.0×10-6; the median and maximum CCR values of cadmium were less than 1.0×10-6. HQ and CR values in the oral intake pathway of heavy metals in farmland soil were relatively higher than those in the skin contact pathway. Conclusion The risk of chronic non-carcinogenicity of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and mercury in farmland soils of agricultural districts and counties in Jinan City is low, and the risk of carcinogenicity of arsenic is high, so arsenic should be taken as the priority control of soil heavy metal in farmland in Jinan City.
    Health risk assessment of heavy metals in multiple environmental media through multi-pathways in a certain area in 2017
    ZHANG Yingying, YUE Shuai, DU Yanjun, BAN Jie, LI Tiantian
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  127-133.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.0833
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    Objective To evaluate the pollution levels and health risks of heavy metals in various environmental media in a certain area, and to provide a basis for formulating relevant policies and adopting intervention measures to protect public health. Methods Data of five heavy metals(As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg)in PM2.5 in ambient air, drinking water and soil were collected through Chinese Environmental Public Health Tracking. The health risks of the metals were calculated. Results In 2017, the median concentrations of As, Cd, Cr(VI), Pb, and Hg were 1.98, 0.46, 0.41, 21.00 and 0.10 ng/m3 in PM2.5 in ambient air; 1.25, 0.25, 2.00, 1.25 and 0.05 μg/L in drinking water; 7.82, 0.17, 8.92, 27.50 and 0.08 mg/kg in soil, respectively. Hazard quotient(HQ)and hazard index(HI)of the five heavy metals in PM2.5 in ambient air, drinking water and soil were all below 1. Carcinogenic risks(CR)of As, Cd, and Cr(VI)were 5.26×10-5, 4.49×10-6 and 2.80×10-5 in drinking water through oral route. CR of As and Cr(VI)were 8.51×10-6 and 4.92×10-6 in PM2.5 in ambient air through inhalation pathway and 8.77×10-6 and 3.33×10-6 in soil through oral route. Cumulative carcinogenic risk(CCR)of As, Cd, Cr(VI)were 7.02×10-5, 5.48×10-6 and 3.63×10-5, respectively. Conclusion In 2017, the non-carcinogenic risks of the five heavy metals in the multiple environmental media through multiple exposure pathways in a certain district were acceptable. The carcinogenic risks of As, Cd, and Cr(VI)were higher than the acceptable risk and should be paid attention to.
    Effect of ambient temperature during pregnancy on the risk of preterm birth
    DU Shuang, HAN Dexin, LIN Shaoqian, BAI Shuoxin, ZHAO Xiaodong, WANG Zhaojun, WANG Zhiping
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  134-142.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1200
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    Objective To explore the effect of maternal ambient temperature exposure during pregnancy on the risk of preterm birth in Jinan City, and to identify the critical window period of exposure and sensitive population. Methods The study was based on the baseline population of the birth cohort conducted in Jinan from January 2018 to December 2019. The study subjects were the mother of infant, and the study outcome was preterm birth. The daily ambient temperature data during the study period were collected. The distributed lag nonlinear model(DLNM)combined with Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the effect of ambient temperature during pregnancy on the risk of preterm birth and identify the critical window period of exposure. A likelihood ratio test was used to analyze whether there was interaction between housewives and ambient temperature. Then, stratified analysis was carried out according to whether the subjects were housewives to observe the effect modification. Results (1) This study included 6,501 mothers. Of these, 285 had preterm birth, accounting for 4.38%. (2) Compared with the middle temperature on the duration of pregnancy, the lower and higher temperature were statistically associated with the risk of preterm birth. The critical window period at lower temperature was from the 1st to 27th gestational weeks, while that at higher temperature was from the 1st to 29th gestational weeks, and its peak hazard ratio were found in the 13th to 18th gestational weeks(HR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.07-1.20). (3) A likelihood ratio test showed that housewives and temperature had an interaction effect(χ2 =8.73, P=0.013). (4) Among housewives, the peak effect for extreme 0 ℃ was 4.00(95%CI:1.63-9.82), which was higher than that of non-housewives ［1.71(95%CI:1.08-2.73)］; the peak effect for extreme 30 ℃ was 3.45(95%CI:1.56-7.60), which was higher than that of non-housewives ［1.79(95%CI:1.12-2.84)］. Conclusion Exposure to low or high ambient temperature during pregnancy may increase the risk of preterm birth, and the critical window periods were the 1st-27th gestational weeks and the 1st-29th gestational weeks, respectively. The housewives may more sensitive to extreme temperatures.
    Impacts of tropical cyclones on the density of aedes albopictus and the incidence of dengue in Zhejiang Province from 2015 to 2020
    YAN Yu, LI Chuanxi, LIU Qiyong, MA Wei
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  143-150.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1248
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    Objective To explore the association between tropical cyclones, density of aedes albopictus, and incidence of dengue in Zhejiang Province from 2015 to 2020. Methods Data of daily tropical cyclones, dengue cases and meteorological factors as well as data of biweekly vector aedes from April to November during 2015-2020 in Zhejiang Province were collected. The impact and lag effect of tropical cyclones on the incidence of dengue and the density of aedes albopictus were analyzed with generalized additive model(GAM). The association between tropical cyclones and the number of daily and biweekly dengue cases was analyzed with age subgroups. Results Tropical cyclones increased the risk of dengue in Zhejiang Province. The strongest effect appeared at lag 0 and lag 2 days, and the risk of dengue fever increased by 0.37 times(RR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.06-1.78; RR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.09-1.72). The impacts on different ages groups varied. At the lag 3 and 7 days, the risk of the population under 45 increased by 0.51 times(RR=1.51, 95%CI: 1.08-2.13)and 0.58 times(RR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.16-2.16), respectively. The population aged 60 and over had the highest risk(RR=1.64, 95%CI: 1.12-2.04)at lag 5 days. Analysis results of GAM incorporating Breateau Index(BI)showed that the effect of tropical cyclones on the risk of dengue reached the maximum in the half month when tropical cyclones raged over Zhejiang Province. Meanwhile, the population under 45 and over aged 60 had a higher risk. The BI was higher in the half-month affected by tropical cyclones, and the difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in BI between tropical cyclone groups with different influence days. Conclusion Tropical cyclones affecting Zhejiang Province are associated with the increase of dengue cases. The age subgroups over 60 years and below 45 years are high-risk groups, who need special prevention measures. As mosquito density increases during tropical cyclones, mosquito vector elimination should be carried out timely to reduce the mosquito density in the area.
    Effects of extreme precipitation events on the incidence of dengue fever in different characteristic populations in Guangzhou
    LI Chuanxi, LIU Qiyong, MA Wei
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  151-157.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.1013
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    Objective To explore the effects of extreme precipitation events on the incidence of dengue fever in different characteristic populations in Guangzhou and to identify the vulnerable populations. Methods Meteorological data and surveillance data of dengue fever cases in Guangzhou from June to September in 2015-2019 were obtained. The lag effects of extreme precipitation events on the incidence of dengue fever were evaluated with generalized additive model, and then subgroup analysis was performed to explore the effects of extreme precipitation events on the incidence of dengue fever in different gender and age groups(<18 years, 18-59 years, ≥60 years). Results During the study period, 7,228 dengue fever cases were reported in Guangzhou, with a median of 22 cases per week. Extreme precipitation events increased the risk of dengue fever in the total population at lag 4 week(RR=1.30, 95%CI: 1.10-1.54). The vulnerable populations were males(RR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.24-1.87, lag 4)and people aged over 60 years(RR=1.99, 95%CI: 1.51-2.63, lag 2). Conclusion Extreme precipitation events increase the risk of dengue fever, and the effects have a certain lag period. Males and the elderly are vulnerable populations. The monitoring and early warning of dengue fever after extreme precipitation events should be strengthened, and corresponding health policies should be developed to deal with the potential risk of dengue fever epidemic after extreme precipitation events.
    Trend of heatwave events and population exposure levels in China from 2005 to 2017
    LU Kailai, BAN Jie, FEI Xianyun, ZHOU Zhen, LI Tiantian
    Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences). 2021, 59(12):  158-164.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2021.0786
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    Objective To explore the temporal and spatial trends of heatwave events and population exposure levels in China from 2005 to 2017. Methods The daily average temperature reanalysis data set of 2,901 districts and counties in China from 2005 to 2017 were assessed with relative threshold definition to analyze the number of districts and counties where heatwave events occurred, frequency of occurrence, total heatwave days, and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of average duration of a single event. The population-weighted heatwave daily exposure was calculated based on national population data. Results From 2005 to 2017, the impact of heatwave events in China showed an increasing trend. The heatwave events in 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2017 had the largest overall impact. Population exposure to heatwave events was higher in provinces along the Yangtze River Basin than in other regions, with Shanghai having the highest average annual population-weighted heatwave daily exposure, followed by Zhejiang Province. Conclusion Chinas heatwave events show an upward trend in time and an expanding trend in space, and the Yangtze River Basin is the population exposure area of heat wave events.
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