Table of Content

  

10 October 2015
Volume 53 Issue 10

Mechanism of mitophagy in a cell model of Alzheimer's disease

ZHAO Xuelian, YU Jun, XIE Zhaohong, CAO Yanjun, LIU Zhen, WANG Xiao, XU Linlin, YANG Hui, ZHENG Xiaolei, SHEN Yang, BI Jianzhong

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  1-5.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2014.684

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Objective To investigate the effect of autophagy involved in Alzheimer's disease cell model 20E2 and its possible mechanism. Methods To determine whether the 20E2 cells model was successfully established, we detected the levels of Aβ_1-40 in HEK293 cells and 20E2 cells (HEK293 cells stably expressing Swedish mutant APP) cultured in vitro by ELISA kit, and the expression of APP protein level was detected by Western blotting. The mitochondria in cells was observed by electron microscope. The mitochondrial membrane potential of both cells was detected by fluorescence probe JC-1. Flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptotic rate. LC3-II, PINK1 and Parkin were detected by Western blotting. Results The expression levels of APP protein and Aβ_1-40 increased in 20E2 cells compared with those in HEK293 cells. Mitochondrial swollen, cristae disappeared and vacuolization was obviously observed. Mitochondrial membrane potential decreased. The expression levels of PINK1, Parkin and LC3-II increased (P<0.05). Conclusion In Alzheimer's disease cell model 20E2, the mitochondrial morphology changed obviously and membrane potential of mitochondria declined, and these changes may cause the increase of mitochondrial autophagy through PINK1 and Parkin pathway.

The inhibitory effect of nitidine chloride on pituitary adenoma GH3 cells

LI Tao, WU Hongxi, ZHANG Yongchao, ZHENG Zhiming, ZHANG Zhen, TENG Liangzhu

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  6-10.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.064

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Objective To explore the inhibitory effect and role of nitidine chloride on pituitary adenoma GH3 cells. Methods After GH3 cells were treated with different concentrations of nitidine chloride for different periods, cell viability was detected using Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assay, apoptosis was analyzed using Annexin V/PI Apoptosis Detection kit by flow cytometry, and cell cycle distribution was evaluated using PI staining by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels of apoptosis related moleculars Bax and Bcl-2 and cell cycle related moleculars Cyclin B1, CDK1, p21 and p27 were detected with real time PCR. Protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Cyclin B1, CDK1, activation of AKT signal and ERK signal were determined with Western blotting. Results Nitidine chloride inhibited GH3 cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, arrested cells in G2/M stage, and blocked the activation of AKT and ERK signaling pathway. Conclusion Nitidine chloride inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of pituitary adenoma GH3 cells. It could be an effective therapeutic agent against pituitary adenoma.

Radioprotective effects of valproic acid on normal brain tissues of rats

ZHANG Wei, ZHOU Yong, NIU Junjie, XU Ying, HOU Huaying, JIANG Yuhua

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  11-15.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.230

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Objective To investigate the radioprotective effects of valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, on the normal brain tissues of rats. Methods A total of 48 male Wistar rats were randomized into VPA group, radiotherapy group, combined group, control group, with 12 animals in each group. VPA group received sham irradiation plus VPA 150 mg/kg; radiotherapy group underwent X-ray irradiation plus physiological saline 150 mg/kg; combined group received X-ray irradiation plus VPA 150 mg/kg; control group received sham irradiation plus physiological saline 150 mg/kg. All treatments were administered twice a day for 5 days. Cell apoptosis of the brain tissues was determined with immunohistochemistry using an antibody for protein Caspase-3 24 hours after irradiation. Then the changes of body weight within 2 weeks starting from the first injection of VPA were recorded. The neuron nucleus changes were observed with transmission electron microscope (TEM) 6 months after radiotherapy. Results Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that Caspase-3 was significantly increased in radiotherapy groups compared to the combined group. The average weight of rats in radiotherapy group decreased markedly compared with the combined group (P<0.05). TEM observation showed that neuron nuclear membrane surface was conveoconcave and irregular, or even impaired in radiotherapy group; it was a little conveoconcave in combined group, but no impairment was observed; no apparent abnormalities were observed in control group and VPA group. Conclusion VPA could protect normal brain tissues of rats by inhibiting the apoptosis of normal nerve cells arising from radiation.

Role of Caveolin-1 in postischemic angiogenesis in a rat model of ischemic stroke

ZHENG Juan, LI Zheng, ZHANG Wenjing, YUAN Linran, FAN Shubo, LIU Yugang, YUAN Zhongrui

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  16-20.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2014.1000

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Objective To investigate the expression and involvement of Caveolin-1(Cav-1) in postischemic angiogenesis using a rat model of ischemic stroke. Methods Normal male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham group(n=15), cerebral ischemia group (MCAO group, n=55), lentivirus-expressing Cav-1 siRNA treated group (siRNA group, n=20) and lentivirus-expressing nonsense siRNA treated group (misRNA group, n=20). Q-PCR and Western blotting analysis were used to detect the expression of Cav-1. FITC-dextran was used to detect the vessel volume, and Laser Doppler was used to measure the local cerebral blood flow in ischemic penumbral. Results The expressions of Cav-1 from hour 4 to day 3 post-MCAO significantly decreased in MCAO group (all P<0.05), compared with sham group, and the minimum level appeared on day 3 post-MCAO(P<0.01). Interestingly, the expression of Cav-1 on day 7 post-MCAO significantly restored (P<0.05), and reached the normal level on day 14 post-MCAO(P>0.05). As expected, in Cav-1 siRNA group, the expression of Cav-1 significantly decreased compared with MCAO or misRNA group (all P<0.05). Meanwhile, there were significantly weakened vessel volume and local cerebral blood flow in ischemic penumbral (P<0.05). Conclusion Cav-1 might be involved in postischemic angiogenesis. Further investigation of the regulation molecular machenism of Cav-1 in postischemic angiogenesis may be helpful for therapeutic angiogenesis for ischemic stroke.

L161982 influences macrophage subtypes in rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis

FENG Qing, TAN Xiaodong

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  21-25.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.068

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Objective To explore the effects of L161982, one prostaglandin E₂-EP4 receptor antagonist, on macrophage subtypes in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). Methods After 21 EAN models were established, they were randomly divided into group A, B and C. Rats in group A were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg L161982 dissolvent daily, rats in group B received the same volume from one day before immunization to the eighth day after immunization (immunization phase), and rats in group C received the same volume from the fifth to sixteenth day after immunization (onset phase). All rats were sacrificed on the sixteenth day after immunization. The infiltrated macrophages were concentrated in the lavage fluid of peritoneal exudates. The type M1 and M2 macrophages were identified using CD68 and CD86, or CD163 fluorescent antibodies, and measured with flow cytometry. The levels of IL-12 and 1L-10 in the single cell suspensions of mononuclear cells of spleen were measured with ELISA. Results Compared with group A, Group B and C had decreased percentage of CD68+ cells of total cells, increased percentage of CD163+ cells of CD68+ cells (P<0.05), decreased level of IL-12 (P<0.05), and increased level of IL-10 (P<0.05). Group B had decreased peak clinical score compared with group A and C (P<0.05). Conclusion L161982 attenuates EAN by contributing to the shift from M1 to M2 macrophages. The immunization phase has a more significant therapeutic effect.

Expression of stromal cell derived factor-1α and its effects in hypoxic-ischemic brain tissue of neonatal mice

LI Yuanyuan, ZHANG Nan, XU Mi, QIN Mingming, DOU Dongdong, ZHU Weiwei

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  26-31.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.097

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Objective To explore the expression of stromal cell derived factor-1α(SDF-1α) in the brain of mice after hypoxic ischemic brain damage (HIBD), and to discuss the effects of SDF-1α on the expression of ki67 and the improvement of neurological behavior. Methods Ninety KM newborn mice were devided into blank control group, HIBD model group and SDF-1α group, with 30 mice in each group. HIBD model group and SDF-1α group were intraperitoneal injected with 0.9% NaCl and SDF-1α(2.0 μg/d in each group) respectively at 30 min after HIBD modeling. Three subgroups were intraperitoneal injected with SDF-1α for 1, 3, 7 d, while blank control group were injected with equivalent 0.9% NaCl. SDF-1α expression at different time points were observed by immunofluorescence and Real-time PCR. ki67 expression was observed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Neurobehavioral improvement were recorded by elevated plus maze. Results SDF-1α expression in HIBD model group increased and reached a peak on the third day, and the difference between this group and blank control group was statistically significant (P<0.01). ki67 expression significantly increased in SDF-1α group, compared with that in HIBD model group (P≤0.01). Theneurological behavior of mice in SDF-1α group also was improved, compared with HIBD model group(P<0.05). Conclusion SDF-1α expression is upregulated in HIBD model group, and reaches a peak on the third day. Exogenous SDF-1α induces the expression of ki67, and improves the learning ability of mice with HIBD.

Effect of acetylpuerarin on the expression of caspase-3 in BV-2 microglia induced by Aβ_25-35

LI Mei, MENG Qinghui, CAI Qiaoying, XU Yan, FAN Xiaoting

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  32-36.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.428

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Objective To investigate the effect of acetylpuerarin on the expression of Caspase-3 in BV-2 microglia induced by Aβ_25-35. Methods BV-2 microglia cells were activated with condensed Aβ_25-35 as Alzheimer's disease inflammatory cell model, which were then divided into 6 groups: control group, model group, Caspase-3 inhibitor (Z-DEVD-fmk) group and acetylpuerarin groups (low-dose group 0.1 μmol/L, moderate-dose group 0.4 μmol/L, high-dose group 1.6 μmol/L). Morphological changes of microglia cells were observed with an inverted phase contrast microscope, and the expression level of Caspase-3 protein in each group was detected by Western blotting. Results It was observed that Aβ_25-35 activated microglia from resting state into ameboid, and both Caspase-3 inhibitor and acetylpuerarin improved cell morphological changes induced by Aβ_25-35. Western blotting results showed that compared with the control group, the model group had significantly increased expression of Caspase-3 (P<0.01); compared with the model group, Caspase-3 inhibitor group and acetylpuerarin groups had markedly reduced expression of Caspase-3 (P<0.01); compared with Caspase-3 inhibitor group, acetylpuerarin low-dose and moderate-dose group had significantly increased expression of Caspase-3 (P<0.01), while acetylpuerarin high-dose group had no statistically significant difference. Conclusion Acetylpuerarin can inhibit activation of BV-2 microglia cells induced by Aβ_25-35. The mechanism may be related to decreased expression of Caspase-3, especially high-dose acetylpuerarin.

Altered expression of dipeptidyl peptidase 6 in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy

ZHAO Zhenying, ZHOU Xueying, LIU Liqing, LIU Feng, ZHOU Shengnian

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  37-41.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.176

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Objective To investigate the expression of dipeptidyl peptidase 6 (DPP6) in the neocortex of patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and discuss its role in the formation of intractable epilepsy. Methods DPP6 expressions were detected in 27 temporal neocortex tissue samples from patients with intractable TLE (epilepsy group)and 10 histologically normal temporal lobe tissue samples from patients without epilepsy (control group) by immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting and RT-PCR methods. Results DPP6 was found to be expressed mainly in the membrane of neurons. Western blotting analysis showed that the mean optical density (OD) ratios of DPP6 in the temporal neocortices of epilepsy group and control group were 0.86±0.04 and 0.37±0.02, respectively(P<0.001). The level of DPP6 mRNA in epilepsy group (0.74±0.03) was significantly higher than control group(0.35±0.03)(P<0.001). Conclusion The abnormal expression of DPP6 may contribute to epileptogenesis and represent a novel therapeutic target.

Establishment of clinical database of Alzheimer's disease based on Web in Shandong Province

GE Shujian, LIN Weiwei, CONG Lin, ZHANG Tao, HAN Xiaojuan, ZHANG Qinghua, DU Yifeng

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  42-45.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.728

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Objective To establish Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical database in Shandong Province and investigate its applications in the managements of clinical data, imaging data and examination results of AD patients. Methods The database was constructed based on J2EE framework, Oracle 10 g database, Browser/Server(B/S) structure and Java language. Results The clinical data, cognitive assessment, imaging results, biochemical examination results and follow-up information of AD patients were collected according to the following characteristics: AD clinical data standards, ID number and hierarchical management permissions. Based on this, AD outpatient cases database, early AD diagnosis database, AD epidemiological network were established, and AD medical quality monitoring research could be pursued. Conclusion This research can normalize related standards of AD database, formulate scientific and standardized process of early AD diagnosis, eliminate regional AD information islands in different medical institutions, and realize information sharing among all the business.

Central nervous system Whipple's disease: a case report and review of the literature

DIAO Xiaojun, CHEN Chunfu

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  46-50.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.273

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Objective To improve the understanding of clinicians on the standard of diagnosis and treatment of Whipple's disease. Methods We reported a case of central nervous system Whipple's disease and analyzed its clinical characteristics, process of diagnosis and treatment. Meanwhile, relevant literatures were also reviewed. Results The patient is 27-year-old male. Memory loss and headache were the main symptoms, accompanied with chronic diarrhea for 5 years and recurrent bilateral knee pain for 2 years. During the course of the disease, the patient successively presented confusion, slurred speech, extremity convulsion, urinary incontinence and decreasing vision. Cerebrospinal fluid test showed that the pressure was 280 mmH₂O, and the number of nucleated cells and protein contents increased. Pan's test showed positive result. Electrocardiography (EEG) showed diffused severe abnormalities. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed long T₂ signals in bilateral cerebral hemisphere, and the lesions, adjacent meninges and tentorium showed obvious irregular contrast. Brain biopsy indicated loose dissociation in cerebral white matter, accompanied with liquefaction necrosis and fresh bleeding. Positive Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) and methenamine silver staining revealed large amount of granular materials. Conclusion Central nervous system Whipple's disease has rapid progress and high fatality. Its diagnosis and treatment are difficult. Both detailed medical history and early decision to perform brain biopsy are important for the explicit diagnosis, while, correct and standardized treatment could improve the prognosis of patients.

Characteristics of cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis

LIU Guangyun, CONG Lin, GUO Shougang

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  51-54.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.005

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Objective To investigate the characteristics of cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and explore the correlation between neuropsychological test and the third ventricle width. Methods Twenty-three patients with MS(MS group)and 23 healthy controls(control group) were enrolled in the study. The two groups were submitted to a battery of neuropsychological tests to assess general cognitive function, executive function, attentional function and information processing speed. Each group underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test. The third ventricle width was also measured. Results Compared with control group, the general cognitive function, executive function, attentional function and information processing speed of MS group obviously decreased (P<0.05). The width of the third ventricle increased in MS group, compared with control group[(4.96±0.77) vs (3.82±0.38)mm, P<0.05)]. The results of symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and the third part of color word test (CWT) were associated with disease duration (r=-0.430 and 0.455, P<0.05). SDMT result showed negative relation with EDSS scores(r=-0.505, P<0.05). Verbal fluency test (VFT), digit span test(DST) and SDMT also showed negative relations with the width of the third ventricle (r=-0.511~-0.595, P<0.05), while the results of trail making test(TMT) and CWT showed positive relations with the width of the third ventricle (r=0.571 and 0.549, P<0.05). Conclusion The impaired aspects of cognition in MS mainly involve executive function, attentional function and information processing speed. The width of the third ventricle has an influence on cognitive impairments in MS patients.

Neuroendoscopic microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm through retrosigmoid key hole approach

XU Ran, MA Xiangyu, LI Weiguo, LI Chao, ZHANG Xin, XU Shujun, LI Xingang

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  55-57.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.274

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Objective To explore the surgical techniques of neuroendoscopic microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm through retrosigmoid key hole approach. Methods A total of 31 patients with hemifacial spasm were selected based on clinical symptoms and conditions after drug use. Then neuroendoscopic microvascular decompression through retrosigmoid key hole approach was performed. Results After surgery, pain disappeared in 24 (77.4%) and reduced in 6 patients (19.4%), while 1 patient (3.2%) showed no obvious amelioration. Postoperative complications included mild facial parelysis in 3 cases (9.68%), hearing loss in 2 cases (6.45%), headache with frequent nausea and vomiting in 1 case (3.23%), and fever in 2 cases (6.45%). No postoperative bleeding, cerebellum contusion, leakage of cerebrospinal fluid or blade poor healing were observed. Conclusion Neuroendoscopic microvascular decompression through retrosigmoid key hole approach is a novel, effective and minimally invasive way to treat hemifacial spasm.

The application of preauricular subtemporal keyhole approach in petroclibal region tumor surgery

YIN Xin, WANG Zhigang, WANG Yihua, HAO Xiaoguang, JIANG Bin, HE Wei, ZHANG Jie, GUO Wenqiang

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  58-61.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.282

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Objective To investigate the surgical techniques and clinical efficacy of removing tumors in the petroclibal region through preauricular subtemporal keyhole approach. Methods The microsurgery via preauricular subtemporal keyhole approach was performed based on preoperative imaging characteristics of the tumors. Results In all 18 cases, total removal of the tumors was achieved in 15 (83.3%) and subtotal in 2 (11.1%) cases, and in 1 case the major part of tumor was removed (5.6%). After surgery, oculomotor paralysis occurred in 1 patient, who completely recovered in 9 days; ambiopa was observed in 2 patients, who recovered 4 and 6 months later, respectively; facial hypesthesia was found in 3 patients, 1 of whom returned to normal in 2 months and another 2 recovered 6 months later; facioplegia occurred in 1 patient, who recovered 6 months later. No CSF leakage, hemiplegia, aphasia or death occurred. Conclusion Preauricular subtemporal keyhole is a reasonable approach to remove tumors in the petroclibal region. Intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring of cranial nerves and brain stem function is useful for the protection of neurological function.

Clinical analysis of 42 adults with childhood-onset adult growth hormone deficiency

LUO Yumeng, YANG Hongbo, ZHU Huijuan, PAN Hui, ZENG Xianwei

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  62-65.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.309

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Objective To investigate the causes, clinical features and therapeutic effects of childhood-onset adult growth hormone deficiency (Co-AGHD). Methods Clinical data of 42 Co-AGHD patients (36 males and 6 females) treated in Nanism Clinic of Endocrinology Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital during July 2012 and Dec. 2014 were retrospectively analyzed, including etiology, clinical features and therapeutic responses. According to whether they received recombinant human growth hormone(rhGH) therapy, the patients were divided into treatment group (n=12) and control group (n=30). The therapeutic effects were assessed. Results Among the 42 patients, the proportion of male was much higher than that of female. Congenital Co-AGHD was found in 39 cases: 20 with pituitary hypoplasia, 3 with empty sella syndrome, 1 with partially empty sella and the others with undefined causes. Acquired Co-AGHD was found in 3 cases which was induced by craniopharyngioma surgery. There was no significant difference between rhGH treatment group and control group in indexes of lipid and glucose (P>0.05). Conclusions Congenital etiology is the major cause of Co-AGHD, especially pituitary hypoplasia and empty sella syndrome. AGHD is linked to dyslipidemia, obesity and other metabolic diseases. Further studies and are needed to investigate the effects of rhGH replacement therapy on improvement of liver and lipid metabolism.

Meta-analysis of the prognosis of prenatally-diagnosed fetal agenesis of corpus callosum

WANG Yin, MA Zhe, TAO Guowei, LIU Shaoping, DING Tingting, SHI Linlin

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  66-72.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.299

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Objective To explore the outcomes of agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC), and to compare the prognosis of isolated ACC with ACC complicated with other abnormalities. Methods Literature about the prognosis of ACC during 1990 to 2012 were retrieved and Meta-analysis was conducted. Results A total of 15 studies involving 565 cases were included. The overall rate of terminations was 65%. There was a higher incidence of ACC in males than in females, with the pooled RR=1.29, 95%CI=1.04-1.59, P<0.05. The overall rate of favorable prognosis for simple ACC was up to 70%, while that of ACC complicated with structural anomalies was 16%. There was statistical difference between the two values, the pooled OR=0.07, 95%CI=0.02-0.24, P<0.05. Conclusion There is a high rate of terminations due to prenatal diagnosis of fetal agenesis of corpus callosum. The incidence of ACC is higher in males than in females. The prognosis of isolated ACC is favorable, while the prognosis of ACC complicated with other anomalies is poor.

A systematic review on the effects of venous access port and PICC in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

SUN Yuanyuan, GAO Wei, CUI Ying, ZHANG Hong, JIAO Jianfen, LI Kan, XU Ruicai

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  73-81.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.087

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Objective To evaluate the effects of venous access port (VAP) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) on cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods The relevant randomized controlled trials, quasi-randomized controlled trials and cohort studies on the comparison of PICC and VAP were searched in databases including Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute Library, MEDLINE, EMbase, Web of knowledge, CBM, CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP. Data obtained were extracted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria by two reviewers independently. The quality of included studies was evaluated. A Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. Results Altogether 5 randomized controlled trials, 1 quasi-randomized controlled trial, and 16 cohort studies involving 3,278 patients were included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that VAP was associated with a significantly lower incidence of thrombosis and catheter-associated infection than PICC[RR=0.31, 95% CI(0.16, 0.59); RR=0.39, 95% CI (0.27, 0.57)]. However, the incidence of the stray into the artery and pneumothorax was higher than PICC[RR=8.70, 95% CI (1.61, 47.07); RR=6.12, 95% CI (1.41, 26.65)]. Patients' quality of life was higher afterVAP than PICC [RR=1.58, 95% CI (1.38, 1.82)]. The descriptive analysis showed that VAP had longer catheter indwelling time than PICC. Conclusion VAP has advantages in prolonging catheter indwelling time, decreasing the incidence of thrombosis and catheter-associated infection, and improving patients' quality of life. Therefore, it is worth to be promoted in clinical practice. However, to perform VAP, special attention should be paid to the adjacent anatomical relations of the puncture site during catheterization process, in order to reduce the incidence of pneumothorax and stray into the artery.

Effects of carbon disulfide on the learning ability of rats and its underlying mechanisms

Gleniece Irving, WANG Shuo, WANG Hui, GUO Ying, JIANG Lulu, ZHAO Xiulan, XIE Keqin

JOURNAL OF SHANDONG UNIVERSITY (HEALTH SCIENCES). 2015, 53(10):  82-86.  doi:10.6040/j.issn.1671-7554.0.2015.316

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Objective To develop an animal model illustrating the effects of carbon disulfide exposure on learning ability, to detect the pathological changes of the hippocampus caused by carbon disulfide exposure, and to reveal its underlying mechanisms. Methods A total of 80 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, low, medium and high dose groups, followed with the treatment of corn oil, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg of carbon disulfide, respectively, by gavage daily for 20 days. The learning ability of the rats was tested from day 16 to 20 with Morris Water Maze. The pathological changes of the hippocampus was detected with Nissl staining and immunohistochemical staining. The level of nitric oxide (NO) and activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were measured with biochemical assay kits. Results The swimming distance and escape latency of the carbon disulfide-treated rats increased (P<0.05) compared to those of the control group, in a dose-dependent manner. The neurons in the CA3 and DG area of hippocampus were found with increased size, lighter color, and disordered cell arrangement in Nissl staining. The neural nuclei (NeuN) staining showed a significant loss of neurons in CA3 region of the 600 mg/kg carbon disulfide treated animals compared to the control group (P<0.01). The further detection on the level of NO and activity of NOS in the hippocampus showed an increase in the medium and high dose group rats. Conclusion Exposure to carbon disulfide could cause neuronal loss in the hippocampus CA3 region, resulting in learning incapability of the exposed animals. The underlying mechanisms of the neuronal damage might be attributed to NO and NOS change in the hippocampus.