Fig.1

Classification and development of spine surgery robots"

Fig.2

Mazor series spine surgery robots A: Spine assist; B: Renaissance; C: Mazor X; D: Mazor X stealth."

Fig.3

FDA-certified commercial spine robots A: ROSA robot; B: Excelsius GPS robot; C: Cirq robot."

Fig.4

Foreign research institutions guide robot systems A: ActBot system; B: B-RobⅡ system; C: 5 degrees of freedom parallel robot; D: Adsorption spine robot; E: SPINEBOT."

Fig.5

Ti robot system A: Ti spine surgery robot; B: Assists in pinning effect."

Fig.6

SPINEBOT I spine surgery system"

Fig.7

Vector-Bot robot system"

Fig.8

Drilling robots developed by foreign research institutions A: Corass robot; B: Friction wheeled bone drill robot; C: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology NIR."

Fig.9

Drilling spine robots developed by domestic research institutions A: Robotic system for minimally invasive spine surgery; B: RSSS system; C: Master-slave spine robot; D: Hybrid spine robot."

Fig.10

Xinjunte ORTHBOT robot"

Fig.11

Kinguide robot system"

Fig.12

Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology related robot system A: Grinding robots; B: RSSS-Ⅲ system."

Fig.13

Sound pressure identification grinding robot system of Nankai University"

Fig.14

Representative grinding robots of domestic research institutions A: Grinding robot of Peking Union Medical College; B: Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) grinding robot."

Fig.15

St. Louis University Spine Robotic System, USA"

Fig.16

Johns Hopkins University piezoelectric robot"

Fig.17

Johns Hopkins University continuum grinding drills"

Fig.18

Daegu Gyeongbuk National Institute of Science and Technology continuous drilling"

Fig.19

Spine surgery robot of Chinese University of Hong Kong A: Miniature bendable grinding system; B: Miniature bone drill system."

Fig.20

Diagram of the surgical navigation system"

Fig.21

Split vertebral body of the spine"